Kewenangan Negara Pantai dalam Mengatur Pelayaran di Selat Internasional Berdasarkan UNCLOS 1982
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Abstract
International straits used for international navigation occupy a distinctive legal position under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), balancing coastal State sovereignty and the global interest in freedom of navigation. This article aims to analyze and clarify the scope and limits of coastal State authority in regulating the passage of foreign vessels through international straits under UNCLOS. Employing normative legal research with statute and conceptual approaches, the study examines Part III of UNCLOS, relevant international jurisprudence, and doctrines of international law of the sea. The findings demonstrate that coastal State authority in international straits is strictly constrained by the transit passage regime, which differs fundamentally from the innocent passage regime in the territorial sea. Coastal States may adopt limited regulations concerning navigational safety, marine environmental protection, and customs, fiscal, immigration, and sanitary controls, but are prohibited from hampering or suspending transit passage. Law enforcement jurisdiction, particularly in criminal and civil matters aboard foreign vessels exercising transit passage, is also narrowly circumscribed. This article contributes to the clarification of coastal State competence, offers a reinterpretation of Articles 42 and 44 of UNCLOS, and highlights their practical relevance for Indonesia in harmonizing national maritime regulations with international legal obligations
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